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GSE38663
Homo sapiens
52 Downloadable Samples
Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array (hgu133plus2)
Description
Background/Aims: Ribavirin improves treatment response to pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) in chronic hepatitis C but the mechanism remains controversial. We studied correlates of response and mechanism of action of ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C. Methods: 70 treatment-nave patients were randomized to 4 weeks of ribavirin (1000-1200 mg/d) or none, followed by PEG-IFN alfa-2a and ribavirin at standard doses and durations. Patients were randomized to undergo a liver biopsy either 24 hours before, or 6 hours after starting PEG-IFN. Hepatic gene expression was assessed by microarray and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression quantified by the nCounter platform. Temporal changes in ISG expression were assessed by qPCR in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and by serum levels of IP-10. Results: After four weeks of ribavirin monotherapy, HCV levels decreased by 0.50.5 log10 (p=0.009 vs. controls) and ALT by 33% (p<0.001). Ribavirin pretreatment, while modestly augmenting the induction of ISGs by PEG-IFN, did not modify the virological response to subsequent PEG-IFN and ribavirin treatment. However, biochemical, but not virological response to ribavirin monotherapy predicted response to subsequent combination treatment (rapid virological response, 71% in biochemical responders vs. 22% non-responders, p=0.01; early virological response, 100% vs. 68%, p=0.03, sustained virological response 83% vs. 41%, p=0.053). Ribavirin monotherapy lowered serum IP-10 levels but had no effect on ISG expression in PBMC. Conclusion: Ribavirin is a weak antiviral but its clinical effect in combination with PEG-IFN seems to be mediated by a separate, indirect mechanism, which may act to reset the interferon responsiveness in HCV-infected liver. Ribavirin pretreatment does not alter the clinical outcome of subsequent combination therapy.
Publication Title
Effect of ribavirin on viral kinetics and liver gene expression in chronic hepatitis C.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Disease, Disease stage, Treatment
View Samples- Homo sapiens
- 8 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array (hgu133plus2)
Description
Dendritic cells (DC) serve a key function in host defense, linking innate detection of microbes to the activation of pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. Whether there is cell-intrinsic recognition of HIV-1 by host innate pattern-recognition receptors and subsequent coupling to antiviral T cell responses is not yet known. DC are largely resistant to infection with HIV-1, but facilitate infection of co-cultured T-helper cells through a process of trans-enhancement. We show here that, when DC resistance to infection is circumvented, HIV-1 induces DC maturation, an antiviral type I interferon response and activation of T cells. This innate response is dependent on the interaction of newly-synthesized HIV-1 capsid (CA) with cellular cyclophilin A (CypA) and the subsequent activation of the transcription factor IRF3. Because the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase CypA also interacts with CA to promote HIV-1 infectivity, our results suggest that CA conformation has evolved under opposing selective pressures for infectivity versus furtiveness. Thus, a cell intrinsic sensor for HIV-1 exists in DC and mediates an antiviral immune response, but it is not typically engaged due to absence of DC infection. The virulence of HIV-1 may be related to evasion of this response, whose manipulation may be necessary to generate an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
Publication Title
A cryptic sensor for HIV-1 activates antiviral innate immunity in dendritic cells.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part
View Samples- Homo sapiens
- 16 Downloadable Samples
Illumina HiSeq 2500
Description
Thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in the human genome, but specific biological functions and biochemical mechanisms have been discovered for only about a dozen lncRNAs. One specific lncRNA, Non-coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage (NORAD), has recently been shown by genetic deletion to be required for maintaining genomic stability, but its molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we combine RNA antisense purification (RAP) and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify proteins that directly interact with NORAD in living cells. We show that NORAD interacts with proteins involved in DNA replication and repair in steady-state cells and localizes to the nucleus upon stimulation with replication stress or DNA damage. In particular, NORAD interacts with RBMX (an emerging component of the DNA-damage response) and encodes the strongest RBMX-binding site in the transcriptome. We demonstrate that NORAD controls the ability of RBMX to assemble a ribonucleoprotein complex, which we term NORAD-Activated Ribonucleoprotein Complex 1 (NARC1), containing known suppressors of genomic instability: topoisomerase I (TOP1), ALYREF and the PRPF19/CDC5L complex. Cells depleted of NORAD or RBMX display an increased frequency of chromosome segregation errors, reduced replication-fork velocity and altered cell cycle progression phenotypes that are mechanistically linked to TOP1 and PRPF19/CDC5L function. Expression of NORAD in trans can rescue defects caused by NORAD depletion, but rescue is significantly impaired when the RBMX-binding site in NORAD is deleted. Our results demonstrate that the interaction between NORAD and RBMX is important for NORAD function and that NORAD is required for the assembly of a previously unknown topoisomerase complex (NARC1) that contributes to maintaining genomic stability. Moreover, we uncover a novel function for lncRNAs in modulating the ability of an RNA-binding protein to assemble a higher-order ribonucleoprotein complex. Overall design: We examined gene expression changes and alternative splicing events in wildtype and NORAD depleted cells using RNA sequencing.
Publication Title
The NORAD lncRNA assembles a topoisomerase complex critical for genome stability.
Sample Metadata Fields
Cell line, Subject, Time
View Samples- Homo sapiens
- 8 Downloadable Samples
- IlluminaHiSeq2000
Description
RNA-seq analysis of human 293 Tet-off cells depleted of PTBP1 and UPF1 alone and in tandem with specific siRNAs. Overall design: siRNA-based depletion of PTBP1, UPF1, and PTBP1/UPF1 together, with a validated non-silencing siRNA as a control.
Publication Title
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 protects mRNAs from recognition by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway.
Sample Metadata Fields
No sample metadata fields
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 77 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array (mogene10st)
Description
WIN 18,446/RA treatment of neonatal mice was used to synchronize the initial wave of spermatogenesis and identify novel messages expressed within either germ or Sertoli cells as spermatogonia enter meiosis.
Publication Title
Riding the spermatogenic wave: profiling gene expression within neonatal germ and sertoli cells during a synchronized initial wave of spermatogenesis in mice.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 23 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Gene 2.0 ST Array (mogene20st)
Description
Circadian profiling of total RNA collected from wildtype and NPY KO murine liver. Liver RNA collected every 4 hours in a 12hr light:12hr dark cycle.
Publication Title
Neural clocks and Neuropeptide F/Y regulate circadian gene expression in a peripheral metabolic tissue.
Sample Metadata Fields
No sample metadata fields
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 15 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (mouse4302)
Description
Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex, but critical maturation events occur later in the medulla. We defined the precise stage at which T cells acquire competence to proliferate and emigrate. Transcriptome analysis of late gene changes suggested roles for NF-B and interferon signaling. Mice lacking the IKK kinase TAK1, showed normal positive selection, but a specific block in functional maturation. NF-B signaling provided protection from TNF, and was required for proliferation and emigration. Alternatively, the interferon signature was independent of NF-B, and IFNR deficient thymocytes showed reduced STAT1 levels and phenotypic abnormality, but were competent to proliferate. Thus, both NF-B and tonic IFN signals are involved in the final maturation of thymocytes into nave T cells.
Publication Title
Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF-κB and tonic type I interferon signaling.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part
View Samples- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 12 Downloadable Samples
- Illumina HiSeq 2000, Illumina Genome Analyzer II
Description
During translation elongation, the ribosome ratchets along its mRNA template, incorporating each new amino acid and translocating from one codon to the next. The elongation cycle requires dramatic structural rearrangements of the ribosome. We show here that deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments reveals not only the position of each ribosome but also, unexpectedly, its particular stage of the elongation cycle. Sequencing reveals two distinct populations of ribosome footprints, 28-30 nucleotides and 20-22 nucleotides long, representing translating ribosomes in distinct states, differentially stabilized by specific elongation inhibitors. We find that the balance of small and large footprints varies by codon and is correlated with translation speed. The ability to visualize conformational changes in the ribosome during elongation, at single-codon resolution, provides a new way to study the detailed kinetics of translation and a new probe with which to identify the factors that affect each step in the elongation cycle. Overall design: Ribosome profiling, or sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments, in yeast. We assay ribosome footprint sizes and positions in three conditions: untreated yeast (3 replicates) and yeast treated with translation inhibitors cycloheximide (2 replicates) and anisomycin (2 biological replicates, one technical replicate). We also treat yeast with 3-aminotriazole to measure the effect of limited histidine tRNAs on ribosome footprint size and distribution (two treatment durations).
Publication Title
Distinct stages of the translation elongation cycle revealed by sequencing ribosome-protected mRNA fragments.
Sample Metadata Fields
Cell line, Treatment, Subject
View Samples- Danio rerio
- 8 Downloadable Samples
- IlluminaHiSeq2500
Description
RNA-seq analysis of zebrafish foxc1a mutant Overall design: For RNA-seq, mRNA was extracted from 38-40 hpf old embryos. We isolated wild type and foxc1a mutant samples by dissecting the entire first 6 anterior somitic segments (AS) through which the fin nerves migrate, and the adjacent posterior segments (PS; segments 7 through ~12) devoid of fin innervating nerves. Heads and yolks were excluded from all samples. Tissues were stored in RNAlater solution (Life Technologies) for up to 2 days at 4 degree before RNA was extracted using the RNAeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacture’s protocol. RNA was tested for integrity using a Bioanalyzer (Agilent technologies). RNA samples showing RIN value of 8 or higher were used for generating cDNA libraries as described in the TruSeq® Stranded mRNA sample preparation guide. At the final stage, 15 cycles of PCR amplifications was performed. Barcoded libraries representing duplicates of AS and PS samples of wild type and mutants were validated using Bionalyzer (Agilent Technology) and finally sequenced in Illumina HiSeq 2500 yielding paired end reads of 100bp. The RNA-seq Unified Mapper (RUM) (Grant et al., 2011) was used to align the reads to the Zv9/danRer7 reference genome and to assign each read uniquely to a transcript. We investigated transcripts that showed the highest fold changes of expression between the different groups. For Gene Ontology annotations, genes tagged by the GO term “axon guidance” were obtained from the gene ontology database (http://www.geneontology.org/). Next we filtered this list for the “Danio rerio” taxon (resulting in 116 unique genes) and used them to annotate our RNA-seq results.
Publication Title
Zebrafish foxc1a drives appendage-specific neural circuit development.
Sample Metadata Fields
No sample metadata fields
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 8 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (mouse4302)
Description
We report here senescent changes in the structure and organization of the mucociliary pseudostratified epithelium of the mouse trachea and the main stem bronchi. We confirm previous reports of the graduate appearance of age-related, gland-like structures (ARGLS) in the submucosa, espeically in the intercartilage regions and carina. Immunohistochemistry shows these structures contain ciliated and secretory cells and Krt5+ basal cells, but not the myoepithelial cells or ciliated ducts typical of normal submucosal glands. Data suggests they arise de novo by budding from teh surface epithelium rather than by delayted growth of small or cryptic submucosal glands. In old mice the surface epithelium contains fewer cells per unit length than in young mice and the proportion of Krt5+, p63+ basal cells is reduced in both males and females. However, there appears to be no significant difference in the ability of basal stem cells isolated from individual young and old mice to form clonal tracheospheres in culture or in the ability of the pithelium to repair after damage by inhaled sulfur dioxide. Gene expression analysis by Affymetrix microarray and quantitative PCR, as well as immunohistochemistry and flow sorting studies, are consistent with low-grade chronic inflammation in the tracheas of old versus young mice. The significance of these changes for ARGL formation are not clear since several treatments that induce acute inflammation in young mice did not result in budding of the surface epithelium.
Publication Title
Age-related changes in the cellular composition and epithelial organization of the mouse trachea.
Sample Metadata Fields
Sex, Age, Specimen part
View Samples